Spew Healthy Eating into the Pews

Church picnickers are poisoning their bodies faster than are company picnickers.
     That thought came to mind as I digested a report from researchers now at La Trobe University and Monash University about a consumer’s God salience stimulating preference for ultra-processed foods. Long-term consumption of ultra-processed foods like hot dogs and donuts is blamed for negative health consequences like obesity and heart disease.
     The explanation for the effect of God salience is that God is perceived as healing or at least reducing negative consequences on the body. It’s not so much that God will prevent damage as that God will heal the damage. It’s corrective compensation reasoning.
     The set of studies indicates this effect is strongest when a person perceives eating the food as damaging and perceives God’s grace as predictable. The resulting consumption of ultra-processed food depends on the individual considering the ultra-processed food to taste better than a healthier alternative.
     The researchers distinguish between religiosity and God salience. Religiosity refers to holding religious beliefs and engaging in religious practices. God salience refers to the activation of God-related concepts, even in those low in religiosity, through situational exposure to reminders of God. These reminders might include hearing music about God or participating in a church picnic. Because the studies verified the effect of God salience, the potential for increased consumption of ultra-processed foods occurs even in people without an abiding religious faith.
     As I understand it now, those who are thinking about a nurturing God often yield to temptation from the serpent pushing not an apple, but rather an apple-flavored Pop-Tart.
     Along with their report of findings, the researchers note anecdotally how places of worship often serve ultra-processed foods. This seems related to the reduction of inhibitions about eating such foods because of God salience. My thought here is that it also might be because delicious treats attract congregants. Whatever the reasons, the researchers recommend that religious organizations serve healthier foods and encourage people to worship healthy eating.
     It would be best to avoid techniques which preach corrective compensation. Experts at University of Michigan and Nutrition Impact, LLC provide data which enable an educator to claim how eating a hot dog shortens your life span by about 36 minutes and you can reclaim 33 of those minutes by eating a peanut butter & jelly sandwich next time. But eating healthy foods doesn’t generally erase the effects of eating harmful foods.

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Serve Up Benefits Per Serving 

Accept God’s Grace of Consumer Acceptance 

Fence In Consumer Anxiety

Draw Toward Photo Quality in Ads

Among longtime controversies in consumer psychology are when to show a person in ads and if you do show a person, what part of the person to show. Past studies at University of Maryland cautioned about the inclusion of human images in comparative advertising. Including pictures of people using the product led shoppers to start thinking about using the products themselves, and when they did this, they put too much mental energy into thinking about only the recommended product. They forget to pay attention to the comparative advantages, jeopardizing sales.
     However, subsequent studies at University of Bamberg revealed an exception: When a comparative shopping decision is quite complex, having the shopper imagine using the product helps simplify thinking and so facilitates a purchase decision. Include in the ad the item in use by a person the shopper will relate to.
     As to what part of the person to show, there’s some evidence that with graspable merchandise, an image of a hand holding the item—what’s called a brand selfie—works better than does an image of the face of the user—a consumer selfie. The explanation is in the ability of the viewer to imagine themselves holding the item. A human face in the consumer selfie directed thoughts away from the brand, toward the person shown.
     And now researchers at Manchester Metropolitan University, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, and Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport answered another question: In social media advertising, is it better to include a photo-quality image or an illustration-quality drawing of the person?
     The researchers recommend using a photo-quality image when the objective is to create purchase intention. The drawings were found to generate greater enjoyment among viewers. But the photo-quality images generated greater interest and credibility. The researchers’ explanation is that photo-quality images supply a visual richness beyond that of stylized drawings, and the richer information eases ambiguity and facilitates judgment. Of chief interest to marketers is that, compared to ads using drawings, the ads using photo-quality images were found in the studies to result in higher sales.
     Still, as with the stream of research on using representations of people at all in ads, there are exceptions to the overall conclusion: The researchers say that if the primary objectives of an ad campaign are to encourage the viewer to engage with storytelling or gamification, the enjoyment generated by drawings argue in favor of their use.

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Post Brand Selfies in Highly Positive Reviews 

Grasp the Right Preferences of Shoppers 

Fill In Blanks Positively With Consumers 

Differentiate Virtual Social Media Influencers

Support Service Robots Showing Social Support

This post is about robots serving restaurant diners. I realize few of you are currently running that kind of restaurant or are dining these days in restaurants where you’re served by a robot. So at the end of this post, I’ll present a tip for the many intending to provide services to consumers using digital agents and for any consumer who recognizes the inevitability of dealing with digital agents.
     Research conducted by a team at the University of Augsburg examined a situation in which the robot server delivered the wrong food to the diner. The researchers asked whether characteristics of the robot could lessen the diner’s dissatisfaction when the robot apologized. The study results showed that a more human-like voice helped, compared with a more mechanical-sounding voice, but primarily when no monetary compensation was offered.
     The explanation is rooted in perceived social support: Consumers may respond more positively when the robot’s voice conveys warmth, care, and understanding. Voice plays a central role in communicating these social cues. In the studies, voice characteristics mattered more than the robot’s physical appearance: A human-like voice improved consumer responses, whereas a more human-like appearance did not produce the same effect.
     The University of Augsburg researchers also found that when diners were offered monetary compensation, such as a discount on the cost of the meal, the robot’s voice mattered much less. In this case, compensation already addressed the service failure, reducing the need for social cues conveyed through the robot’s voice.
     Researchers at TBS Business School, University of Agder, and University Toulouse Capitole concluded that when interacting with any voice-assisted artificial intelligence device, users prefer hearing a female over a male voice. Here the explanation is that people perceive women as more likely than men to experience emotions and consider our unique needs. Those assumptions subconsciously generalize to influence impressions of an automated voice such that female chatbots are perceived to have more positive qualities than male chatbots.
     One implication of all this is to offer monetary compensation for a service failure by a robot or digital agent when it’s financially prudent for the business.
     My tip to apply to circumstances where a robot, digital agent, or chatbot communicates via voice and might make mistakes for which monetary compensation won’t be offered: Have the voice sound like an empathic woman. Bonus tip: Decide whether to check the consumer realizes they’re talking with a robot.

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Program Service Robots to Socialize 

Ally with Alexa Over Alex for Chatbot 

Remind Consumers of Robots’ Competence 

Compensate Group Service Failure Collectively

Craft DIY for Romance

Increase your sales of do-it-yourself (DIY) products and services by getting your prospects to think about romantic relationships, a La Trobe University and Toronto Metropolitan University study suggests. Results indicate this works better for DIY projects which participants find to be mostly practical than for projects they consider to be mostly thrilling.
     The study results also indicate it works differently depending on gender. For men, the DIY motivation arises relatively more from a desire to form a new relationship, while for both men and women, the DIY motivation arises from a desire to maintain an existing relationship. The study considers do-it-yourself as do-it-with-a-romance-partner.
     For their studies, the researchers defined DIY as consumers’ active participation in the creation, transformation, personalization, or maintenance of a product or service that would otherwise be performed by a professional. Examples include making your clothing, assembling your furniture, maintaining your car, and investing without financial advisor guidance.
     Among the benefits of DIY you could advertise are saving money, customizing to fit individual needs, accruing the pleasure of creativity, and expressing individual identity. Adding a relationship motivation increases the effectiveness of that advertising. The researchers suggest that for heterosexual men, you use cues associated with relationship formation: Romantic words in the text. Attractive women as models. Advertising on dating websites and in association with romantic movies. At the same time, both heterosexual men and women will respond to an ad describing partner collaboration in DIY as an opportunity to strengthen a romantic relationship.
     Underpinning the researchers’ explanation for their findings and suggestions is the role of risk taking in mating. This leads them to another insight: Minimizing the potential risk of a DIY project might actually result in lower sales.
     The researchers cite prior research about DIY motivation which concludes that men are frequently driven by enjoyment of craftsmanship and women frequently find in DIY participation feelings of empowerment. A set of researchers at University of Southern Mississippi and Appalachian State University suggest you improve DIY sales to women by appealing to and cultivating empowerment. Keep your salesperson role one of coach, who reassures the woman of availability until the project is completed and encourages the woman to buy what’s needed. Stay away from seeming like a superhero who aims to rescue the damsel in distress.
     Another study concludes that with women under financial strain, you point out the economic empowerment from completion of their projects.

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Power Tools to Empower Women 

Ask “Whither Art Thou Helping?” 

Effect Endowment via Customer Coproduction 

Gimme Some Lovin’ Handmade 

Note Influence in Nontraditional Couples

Justify Your Targeted Marketing

Targeted marketing by a company—for instance, sending advertising to a preselected segment of the possible audience—can benefit a consumer by reducing their handling of ads which hold little interest to them and can benefit a company by optimizing the marketing budget. Moreover, most consumers like to be acknowledged as individuals, and marketers can leverage increasingly sophisticated methods to individualize their interactions with prospects.
     Would it not be smart then for organizations to target sales promotions to specific demographic groups, such as a custom ad campaign for Blacks or for women?
     Yes, but only under certain conditions. Otherwise, say a trio of researchers at UCLA and Columbia University, stakeholders who find out about the targeting, including those receiving the special attention, are likely to consider the targeting to be unfair. This lowers engagement with the sponsor, intentions to purchase from the sponsor, and willingness to recommend the sponsor to others.
     Because the same explosion in available information and search which fuels the potential for targeting also fuels ease in discovering the targeting, consumers have at least a fair likelihood of learning about it and so sensing unfairness. As an example, the researchers cite the public outrage when journalists discovered and then reported features in Facebook which enabled ad targeting by race or gender.
     Results from the set of studies indicated that these negative consequences are less likely when the marketer explains how the targeting is relevant to a product or service characteristic. Phrasing of this sort included: 

• “The Band-Aids are available in a variety of darker shades that were tested to match the skin tones of their Black customers.” 
• “Initial testing showed that, due to the vitamin and nutrient profile of the snacks, the snacks are better suited to the biological needs of their female customers.” 
• “Specifically, testing shows that approximately 80% of women like the taste and texture, compared with only 30% of men.”

     Notice that each of these three refers to testing. This gives the statement greater credibility.
     Another method the studies indicated will ease the potential negative consequences of marketing by demographics is to explain that the organization’s budget is necessarily limited. The phrasing used here was, “A small mom-and-pop local business has developed a new product, which they believe will appeal to their female customers. This local business has very limited resources, so it must spend its modest advertising budget as carefully as possible.”

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Consider Consumer Confidentiality Concerns 

Discount Discounting for Stigmatized 

Discount Doubts About Veterans’ Discounts

Charge for Virtual Goods Interoperability

If your customer has paid for their outfit, they’ll enjoy experiences in those duds more than if they’d gotten the identical outfit for free. Researchers at Western University in Ontario, University of Edinburgh, and University of St. Thomas in Minnesota found this to be true when the purchaser would be using the outfit on an avatar in onscreen video game action.
     The explanation, supported by the set of studies, is that paying for the item builds a sense of ownership, and people have more positive feelings toward experiences using items they own.
     In the studies, the purchased outfit was non-functional since the provider did not claim the item by itself would improve the player’s performance on the video game. The purchasers’ perceptions tended to be that game play was more enjoyable, but the evidence is that this was due to feelings of item ownership, not objectively better game scores.
     Although enjoying an item more because we’ve paid for it seems to go against good economic sense, not all the rules of ownership were violated. In the studies, the effect held better when there was interoperability—the purchased outfit could be used across online games. We want to be able to employ what we own in a number of different situations.
     Together, these findings have implications for marketers who want to improve the attractiveness of their virtual goods, whether for use in video games or other online activities. Offer distinguishing alternatives for a fee rather than giving them away at no cost, and, to the maximum degree possible, provide interoperability across virtual worlds, social media sites, and system platforms.
     The researchers did not assess whether the amount of item cost made a difference. But another set of studies suggests that even a nominal fee can have advantages and for reasons other than a sense of ownership: Consumers were more likely to upgrade from an 8-inch cake to a 10-inch cake when they had been told the upgrade cost 1¢ compared to when they had been told the upgrade was free. Parallel findings held for other types of merchandise as well.
     After analyzing the shoppers’ reasoning, the researchers concluded that the token cost made it easier for shoppers to appreciate the value of the deal when compared to the price of the regular version. Zero doesn’t serve well as a shopper’s anchor for analyzing the magnitude of a difference.

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Downgrade Free Upgrades 

Head Off Rejection of the Handmade

Unconditionally Gift Arriving Consumers

As a retailer, you could present a surprise gift to a customer after they’ve completed a purchase. You could present a surprise gift for participation in your store loyalty program. On the other hand, you could offer a gift when a shopper enters your store, with no consumer action required. Such a tactic of unconditional gifts can nicely complement your existing programs of promotional rewards, according to a team of researchers at Northeastern University, University of Alabama, Karlstad University, Linköping University, and Norwegian School of Management.
     The studies demonstrate that an unconditional gift creates in both new and existing customers the often unpleasant feeling of obligation, which can be relieved by store spending during the current visit, and the often pleasant feeling of gratitude, which strengthens loyalty for future patronage.
     In the study conducted at a general merchandise store, shoppers receiving an unconditional gift spent about 32% more during that visit than did an equivalent group of shoppers not receiving the gift. This should be evaluated in terms of the cost to the retailer of the gift. Fortunately, the researchers determined that the unconditional gift does not need to be expensive to be effective.
     However, in another study, Northwestern University researchers found that gift recipients do tend to compare the value of what they receive with the value of gifts they see others receiving. The researchers’ suggested solution is intriguing, even if odd. They rewarded some consumers with cash and others with a slice of cake. As you’d expect, those who received more cash expressed greater joy than did those who received less cash. Yet the size of the cake slice didn’t matter, perhaps because it’s harder to calibrate slice size than monetary amount.
     Still, there was evaluation. In the studies, gift recipient joy was influenced by the flavor of the cake.
     Limiting gift value eases another problem: A risk with unconditional gifting is that customers expect ongoing gifts. An unmet expectation has a more negative influence on a customer than a satisfied expectation has a positive effect. Researchers at Macquarie University and Universidad Torcuato Di Tella found that while a bonus reward delivered regularly by a marketer can delight a customer who feels they’re receiving the reward because they’re valuable to the business, the marketer discontinuing the reward in that situation risks revenge against the business.
     Their study results indicated that revenge intentions are less pronounced when the monetary value of the treat is small.

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Change Up with Entitled Customers 

Be Careful What You Have Customers Wish For 

Dazzle Customers with Surprise Gifts 

Request Reciprocity

Age Offerings Properly

How marketers frame a time span will influence how consumers respond to what’s offered. A research team at The University of British Columbia, Tilburg University, and Cornell University explored a specific example of this regarding the age of whiskey.
     A whiskey distilled for longer time is considered better. But what difference does it make if the marketer says “Distilled in 2005 and bottled in 2025,” which is a year-boundary format, or “20-year-old whiskey,” which is a length format? The researchers point out that these are equivalent in terms of whiskey quality, since, unlike with wines, whiskey which is stored properly after bottling does not improve or degrade with age.
     By analyzing a dataset of online whiskey auction listings, the researchers found that whiskeys described using primarily a length format sold for about 9% more than those using primarily a year-boundary format.
     The researchers’ explanation for the difference is that length framing elongates time perception compared with year-boundary framing, perhaps because year-boundary framing requires the consumer to compute the time duration.
     So when marketing whiskey, use length framing. Yet also recognize circumstances where the shopper considers a longer time as a sign of inferior quality. In their own companion studies and with reference to studies conducted by others, the researchers explore these circumstances. The results taken together lead to the following recommendations: 

• Use length framing in descriptions when age enhances value. For fine art and antiques, this might be, “Created 135 years ago.” For an organization wanting to convey a sense of enduring presence, this might be “In business for more than 25 years.” 
• Use year framing when greater age implies lesser value. Willingness to pay for secondhand goods should be higher with, “2015 model,” than, “11 years old.” 
• With products, such as wines, where quality could continue to improve through aging after bottling, but updating a length description on the individual bottle is impractical, post length framing on a shelf tag: “Bottled in 2021. Five years old.” Similarly, when a year is an important component of the item description, length framing could be added: “For Sale. Indian Banks 1699 Colonial-style house. Solidly built 327 years ago.” 
• Year framing tends to make financial payoffs seem closer. “Profitable by 2029” is better than “Profitable in three years.” When loan repayment completion is stated as length—“Paid off in ten years”—consumers place greater weight on time and less on interest rates.

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Use Familiar Measurement Units 

Cross Time Markers for Positive Experiences

Image at top of post based on photo by Poul Hoang from Unsplash

Sweeten Shoppers with Baby Talk

The way in which a brand name is pronounced influences the brand’s personality. In a study at University of Dundee and Nanyang Technological University, a toilet bowl cleaner given the name Goz was rated by study participants as stronger than one given the name Pas. A skin conditioner named Pota was rated as gentler than one named Vig.
     More generally, brand names containing solely consonant sounds produced with vocal cord vibration—b, d, g, v, or z—tend to be perceived as harsh, and those containing consonant sounds produced without vocal cord vibration—p, t, k, f, or s—tend to be perceived as mild. The finding holds true across languages and cultures, so is especially useful when marketers are choosing a name for a new product which will be sold internationally.
     Parallel findings hold true for how syllables in a brand name are pronounced. See if you can guess results from a related study, this one at The University of Tokyo, Chukyo University, and University of Dundee. The experimental question: For consumers seeking a sweet treat they’ve not heard about before, which brand name from each of these three pairs is more likely to be preferred and why? 

• Fipefipe or Fipeseti 
• Tepikipi or Tepitepi 
• Zopivuke or Zopizopi

     Want a hint? Look again at the title of this post and the image at the top.
     Ready to check which name from each pair was found to be more strongly associated with sweetness?
     Fipefipe, Tepitepi, and Zopizopi. Those are the alternatives in which the syllable sound repeats. The explanation was found to be that such repetition reminds consumers of baby talk, and consumers’ brains associate the cuteness of babies with sensations of sweetness. For example, across cultures internationally, some version of “I could just gobble you up” is often a response to something adorable.
     Two significant characteristics of these studies to notice as you think about applying the results: First, the brand names were not read aloud to participants, nor were participants instructed to read the names aloud. The effect depends on how the brand names are pronounced, but does not depend on consumers having heard the brand names pronounced, such as in a radio ad.
     Second, in all of the studies, the products were described as new to the marketplace. Existing products will have already established associations. Changing that name might have quite limited impact in selling more sweets.

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Cue Indulgence with Cute 

Throw Shoppers a Curve with Cursive 

Cue Adult Caring with Baby Cuteness 

Sweeten Treat Sales by Being a Sweet Thing

Align PWYW Cost Structure with Value

To broaden availability for financially constrained consumers of offerings like museum visits, dance workshops, and online courses, the provider could feature a “Pay What You Want” (PWYW) policy. Then to maintain financial viability of the offering, the provider would want purchasers to pay as much as they could. Findings by a set of researchers at University of Surrey, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, and University of Zurich point to a method for doing this.
     In presenting the method, the researchers distinguish between what they call alignable and non-alignable costs. A provider’s alignable costs are those which align with value to the consumer. With a museum, this might be the fees for mounting an exhibit of famous works. With an online course, it might be the fees paid to skilled teachers. On the other hand, a provider’s non-alignable costs are understood as necessary, but as not by themselves providing consumer value. Examples include advertising, rent, and utility bills.
     The researchers recommend describing alignable costs as part of a PWYW offer. This requires the provider to carefully determine what the consumer will value and to ensure that this is an integral part of what’s offered. To help the consumer decide on a fair price, the researchers recommend also including a reference price—how much is usually charged for the offering.
     A provider disclosing information about themselves, such as about their costs, establishes a sense of trust and fairness which can increase PWYW amounts. But the researchers recommend listing the types of costs, not the actual monetary numbers. The numbers can be hard to estimate because they depend on usage volume, and for an expensive offering of superb quality, the actual high money figure could alienate an economically challenged consumer rather than persuade them to maximize their voluntary toll.
     In one of the studies, participants were offered PWYW enrollment in a workshop by ImPulsTanz, Europe’s largest contemporary dance festival sponsor. Prospects given alignable cost structure information (“…pay the renowned workshop teachers from all over the world”) paid about 46% more than those not given cost structure information or those given only non-alignable cost structure information (“…renting the venue… as well as the costs for the workshop office and staff …”).
     In another of the studies, the alignable cost structure appeal proved especially effective with low-pay customers--those who would have paid less than half the reference price amount otherwise.

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Serve the Underserved 

Encourage Customers to Pay What’s Right 

Disclose Yourself to Radiate Authenticity

Pay Mind to Seniors’ Theory of Mind

When persuading others or when others are attempting to persuade you, a valuable skill is you accurately perceiving the beliefs, emotions, desires, and intentions of the others. Findings from researchers at University of Turin and University of Udine suggest that this skill—called Theory of Mind (TOM)—fades as we enter our senior years.
     In the studies, participants completed tasks such as reporting what one character in a story believes another character is thinking and inferring the emotions a person is experiencing based on seeing a photograph of their eyes. Accuracy was significantly lower among the participants age 65 years and above than among participants ages 20 to 40 years.
     These findings modify impressions from anecdotal evidence that older adults can lack performance speed, but bring greater wisdom than younger people do. In fact, seniors may be deficient in real-time social wisdom and emotional intelligence.
     From a marketing perspective, this means you could benefit seniors by verbalizing your intentions and emotional reactions while selling to them.
     From a public policy perspective, a concern is that seniors are especially susceptible to scams because of inabilities to accurately determine the intentions and truthfulness of salespeople. Advanced age brings with it an increased trust in people. The elderly may not realize they’re being cheated, instead attributing their losses to miscommunication or the good intentions of the marketer having gone wrong. Rigidity in thinking—which could be experienced as feeling that changing your mind shows weakness—contributes to the problem.
     From a preventive health perspective, techniques for improving TOM skills in seniors might head off the social isolation and increased dementia risk associated with another perceptual deficit—hearing loss. An additional study finding indicates what such techniques might be: Elderly study participants who reported a history of cognitively demanding occupations showed less deterioration in TOM abilities. Continuing engagement in complex social interactions and problem-solving tasks, whether through a job, volunteering, or structured activities, should be helpful.
     From still another perspective, beyond what happens to mindreading abilities as one ages, there’s the matter of how much the elderly really care about other people’s thinking. Older adults place less importance on accumulating power or demonstrating expertise than do their younger counterparts. We could say that seniors become relatively less sensitive to peer pressure. It’s probably most true for the oldest among us. When you’re 100 years old, let’s say, there aren’t so many peers around.

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Sandbag Senior Swindles 

Slice Open the Minds of the Elderly 

Skewer Status Appeals to Seniors

Vibrate Shoppers into Purchase Excitement

When seeking desire fulfillment, a gently vibrating massage often brings bonus pleasure.
     A set of University of St. Gallen studies applies that truth to ecommerce. A medium-duration vibration on a shopper’s mobile phone while the shopper is looking at attractive alternatives leads to more item purchases and higher shopping basket totals. In the studies, addition of a vibration signal increased item adds by 3% to 18%. The researchers explain this effect as the result of a learned association between vibrations on a mobile phone and a rewarding event, such as arrival of a message or completion of a step count goal.
     In one of the studies, the impact of vibration on positive consumer response was stronger than the impact of a visual signal or a sound. Regarding this finding, the researchers note that shoppers usually receive a multitude of sights and sounds moment-to-moment, while the haptic stimulation of vibration is distinctive.
     Because the mobile phone vibrations signaling positive events are generally of medium duration, the best purchase motivation vibration might be of medium duration. Indeed, a vibration of about 400 milliseconds produced a greater reward response among study participants than did a notably shorter or notably longer duration.
     The researchers caution that the effect they’ve described could be put to unethical use. They recommend that marketers inform consumers about the effect and limit use of vibration signals in marketing of potentially addictive behaviors—such as online gambling—and with especially persuadable audiences—such as children.
     These studies fit with other research showing how sensory stimulation of a consumer in association with a product leads to positive results. Researchers at University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Université Laval, and University of Massachusetts find sensations experienced on or in the body can convince the consumer of product effectiveness.
     In one of their studies, participants read an ad which stated, “Introducing HerbLife Balm. Our yellow balm is made from herbs such as turmeric and prai. To use the product, rub and massage a small amount on the affected area. This balm improves your physical performance.”
     The participants were then instructed to apply the balm to their arm. For some of the participants, the balm had been formulated to produce a tingling sensation shortly after application. For the other participants, the balm formulation was identical except that the ingredient producing tingling was omitted.
     Those experiencing tingles were more likely to buy the balm.

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Reach Out for What Will Touch Your Shoppers 

Rough Up Customers a Bit 

Fizz Fizz to Generate Effectiveness Perception

Dig Into Best Digital Display Practices

Digital signage—electronic screens showing video ads to shoppers in a retail store—increased likelihood of purchasing the advertised items by an average of about 8% in a study by researchers at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and Babson College.
     The study covered 237 advertising campaigns and 30 million shoppers. Because of the size of the sample and use of techniques to separate the effects of digital signage from the effects of other influences on purchasing, the researchers were able to specify circumstances in which digital signage was most effective. The researchers cite prior study findings in explaining why each of these matters.
     Among the best circumstances for use of digital signage are: 

• Display close to the shelved product. When the digital signage is placed close to the product being advertised, the impact on the shopper is at a crucial moment in the purchase decision process, with an increased probability of a motivating impulse. 
• For hedonic products with emotional appeal. Impulse buying is more likely with products purchased for the joy during use than for products purchased for the outcome after use. 
• For popular brands and low-priced items. Shoppers are more comfortable assuming the risk of buying on impulse when the item carries a well-recognized brand name or is offered at an especially low price. 
• For store visits later in the day. Another shopping motivation is variety seeking, and variety seeking increases when the shopper is fatigued, as happens later in the day.

     The researchers also point to characteristics of the specific use of digital signage in their field studies which might be expected to enhance the effectiveness: The display screens were in highly-frequented aisles, the video began playing as a shopper approached the screen, and the screens emitted sound to accompany the elements moving on the screen.
     Relevant to this last characteristic, researchers at King's College London, University of Bath, and Babson College explored the usefulness of stimulating multiple senses with digital displays, including an example of McCain Foods arranging for the display device to emit a baked potatoes odor. The study results indicated moderate stimulation works best. We don’t want to overwhelm the shopper to the point of disrupting the item selection process.
     Other research also points to the value of attending to characteristics of item movement in the display. For example, it’s best to show luxury products by zooming out and to show any product as being rotated.

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Display Interpersonal Warmth Above Digital Ads 

Reduce Risk Fears by Introducing Choices 

Slip Variety into Sleepy Shopper Selling 

Zoom In on Using Zoom Out for Luxury 

Turn It Around for the Sale

Femvertise for Brand Empowerment

Femvertising is advertising perceived as promoting gender equality and as challenging stereotypical portrayals of women as primarily caregivers, decorative objects, or passive observers. According to researchers at Macquarie University and The University of Newcastle, femvertising helps a brand build stronger loyalty and advocacy among female consumers. When reinforcing the power a woman has or wants to have, femvertising messages evoke positive responses.
     Examples of femvertising include the Dove “Real Beauty”, Under Armour “I Will What I Want”, Pantene “Not Sorry”, and Nike “Inner Thoughts” campaigns.
     The researchers developed and statistically validated a scale which they propose marketers use to assess the quality of a brand’s femvertising. Items on the brief version of the scale, along with the themes being measured, are: 

• [Brand name]’s ads present women as empowered in their choices (Empowerment: Portrays women as confident, ambitious, and self-reliant) 
• [Brand name]’s ads feature diverse women from different backgrounds (Representation: Portrays women of diverse identities, backgrounds, and appearances in meaningful roles) 
• [Brand name]’s ads challenge traditional views on women’s roles (Transformation: Challenges outdated gender norms and promotes long-term social change) 
• [Brand name]’s ads highlight real actions for women’s rights (Commitment: Actively engages in advocacy and activism to promote women’s rights, roles, progress, and inclusion) 
• [Brand name]’s ads portray women in an honest way (Authenticity: Portrays women and girls as authentic, believable, and credible) 
• I feel [Brand name]’s ads reflect fair gender standards in advertising (Compliance: Complies with advertising rules, industry guidelines, policies, and ethical standards to promote gender equity)

     The degree to which a brand’s advertising exhibits these characteristics is the degree to which ad audiences will conclude, “This is a brand that supports women.” Using an online survey of women who had recently purchased a sportswear brand, the researchers demonstrated how such a conclusion enhances brand loyalty and brand advocacy.
     Attending to women’s empowerment also assists in public health and in the workplace. Campaigns to increase breast cancer screening rates work best when accompanying messages point out competencies of women. When job supervisors water down negative feedback to female employees, assuming women aren’t powerful enough to handle the truth, the employees are cheated of the constructive criticism they need to most quickly become superb performers.
     Do stay aware that strategies to empower women can face headwinds. For example, the Donald Trump presidential administration’s battle against DEI resulted in organizations hiding their woman-empowerment programs.
     Skilled femvertising holds strong against headwinds.

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Cancel Out Implications of Female Inferiority 

Criticize Women Strongly

Image at top of post based on photo by Donald Giannatti from Unsplash

Engineer Employee & Customer Satisfaction

Employee satisfaction (ES) and customer satisfaction (CS) levels have long been considered valuable indicators of—as well as analogous to a two-cylinder engine powering—the future financial health of a business. ES and CS measures are therefore of interest to prospective investors in the business.
     Now researchers at Virginia Commonwealth University, Singapore Management University, and University of Pittsburgh say that increases in social media usage and in ease of both publicly-held company stock purchasing and private-market investing by individual consumers are changing how businesses should optimally conduct their ES and CS initiatives and announce the results of those initiatives. The objective should be to demonstrate results which stimulate promise of greater shareholder wealth. Among the researchers’ observations is that firms with low CS ratings could accomplish this objective by increasing ES alongside broad social media visibility.
     The researchers propose, based on their inquiries, that individual investors are attracted to firms showing imbalance between ES and CS. The explanation is that the investors are particularly attracted by business prospects for explosive growth. Although high levels in ES and CS indicate healthy business operations, an imbalance signals prospects for improvement under skilled management. “Buy low, sell high” is the smart investor’s mantra.
     The researchers’ attention to social media visibility derives from how individual investors would assess a firm’s CS and ES levels. For CS, the individual could analyze product or service reviews. Those are abundantly available on social media sites. ES levels are more difficult to find in abundance, so it benefits the firm to post them prominently on their own.
     A team of researchers at Aston University, Technical University Munich, and University of Paderborn view the two cylinders—ES and CS—as firing off interdependently. The team’s model, resulting from a large-scale longitudinal study set in a multi-outlet retail chain, incorporates operational investments and operating profits as components.
     The model shows a lagged effect between operational investments and ES: It takes some time for the additional resources to produce an outcome. The researchers advise managers to exercise patience. There is also a lagged effect between CS and operating profits. A third lagged effect is in a reinforcing loop. That is, as operating profits change, operational investments are likely to change in the same direction in the future.
     Business firms can attract investors by properly managing the interdependencies, the prompt and lagged effects of the components, and the postings about CS and especially ES on social media.

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Serve People Just What They Expect 

Build Profits by Training to Serve 

Manage Employee & Customer Turnover

Cook Up Recipes for Reducing Food Waste

A recipe for meal preparation can reduce food waste.
     Reasons include what you might suspect, such as the cook being able to determine from the recipe the sufficient amount of each ingredient to purchase and prepare without excess. However, the waste reduction is also for a reason you might not suspect—cutting time and bother.
     My evidence comes from a series of University of Groningen studies primarily designed to explore the effects not of recipes, but rather of minimally processed ingredients such as washed and chopped vegetables versus vegetables requiring purchasers to wash and chop them. Note that in the studies, the researchers used semi-prepared ingredients, not fully prepared meals. If too much convenience is provided, the consumer might devalue the meal and show less hesitation in wasting some of the food.
     In one of the studies, consumers were asked to imagine they had in their refrigerator a set of items—pasta, parmesan cheese, olive oil, a leek, and so on. One group of participants were shown photos of the ingredients in a semi-prepared form. The rest were shown the ingredients in an unprepared form. Half the number of participants in each group were also given a recipe which listed steps for incorporating all the ingredients into a pasta entrée. Each participant was asked to indicate “How likely are you to not prepare the meal and therefore throw all products away?”
     For the participants who had not been provided a recipe, those considering the semi-prepared ingredients were less likely to say they’d waste the foods. But for those who had been provided the recipe, there was little difference between the two groups. Analyses of other data collected in this study and from other studies in the series indicated the explanation was degree of convenience.
     Either semi-preparation of the ingredients or availability of a recipe increased consumer convenience in a way which reduced the probability of food waste. Parallel findings came from another study of the set in which households collected their actual waste of edible food from packages the researchers had provided.
     Two implications for grocers are to post recipes for use of foods you’re selling and to offer semi-prepared ingredients. Along with reducing waste, these tactics might improve profitability: In one of their studies, the researchers concluded shoppers would be willing to pay a 13% price premium for semi-prepared foods when the waste reduction benefits are featured.

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Limit Healthy Food Purchases 

Hand Off Intended Hands-Off Items 

Cook Up Recipes for Patrons

Ascertain Certainty to Assess Offer Variety

The ways in which you best present purchase alternatives to a shopper are determined in part by the degree of confidence the shopper has in choosing among those alternatives. This conclusion from a team of Northeastern University, University of Pennsylvania, and Arizona State University researchers follows their study of item reviews from almost 100,000 consumers spanning nearly 30 years. Product categories used in the studies included wines, beers, and cosmetics.
     Based on their findings, the researchers suggest that for shoppers who express notable uncertainty, frame your subsequent purchase suggestions as quite different from what they just tried, such as by highlighting distinguishing item characteristics. Correspondingly, if you’ve evidence that the shopper has high confidence, frame your next best offer as similar to what the shopper just selected.
     A challenge with taking this advice is correctly detecting the shopper’s degree of confidence. If you’ve access to a history of item reviews from the shopper, use the same method the researchers did: Analyze recent reviews with attention to tones of certainty and doubt. You could also do the same sort of thing by conversing with the shopper. For the researchers, phrasing such as “Beyond any doubt” indicated high confidence and “I really don’t know” indicated low confidence.
     The researchers’ findings highlight the value of an additional tool: Consider the degree of experience of the particular shopper with the particular item category. This can work because, in general, as a consumer gains more experience, their confidence regarding decisions for that item category will initially decrease as the consumer becomes acutely aware there’s much more to learn than they initially assumed. But as the consumer masters this learning and accumulates their own direct experience, confidence rebounds and grows.
     I’ll add my thought that if you can observe the shopper, maybe you should also notice how tightly they’re crossing their fingers while making the choice, signaling degree of hope good luck shines down to supplement low confidence.
     Research at University of Cincinnati, University of Florida, and University of Mississippi provides another perspective on the interplay of expertise with novelty. When the researchers offered choices of music samples to study participants, those who considered themselves music novices accepted a few new songs in a multitude of genres. The experts accepted a greater number of songs solely from one or a limited number of genres in which they considered themselves to have expertise. Certainty builds selectivity.

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Make Your Next Best Offer 

Present High-Level Benefits to the Confident 

Scope New Horizons as Expanding Expertise

Make It Right Without Government Orders

Political conservatives are irritated when told by the government they should be tested for sexually transmitted infections. The guidance is better received if coming from a nongovernment source.
     Liberals also could take umbrage at being told out of the blue they might have an STI. But this stigma is the reason conservatives tend to be more irritated than liberals at any recommendations, regardless of the source, about sexual and reproductive health practices. A politically conservative ideology is associated with stronger aversion to stigma. In a set of studies, researchers at University of Bologna and University of Leeds found evidence of this with recommendations to self-test for sexually transmitted infections, be vaccinated to protect from the Human Papillomavirus Virus, and use condoms, contraceptive pills, and menstrual cups.
     An additional study considered whether the source of the health recommendation might make a difference. Along with completing an inventory to assess political orientation, a group of U.S. participants was offered a choice between a box of toothpaste and a box of condoms. The offer was identified as being sponsored by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control; by Durex condoms and Oral-B toothbrushes; or by a collaboration between the government agency and private companies.
     For liberals, the group told the sponsor was the CDC was most likely to choose the condoms over the toothpaste. For conservatives, the nature of the sponsor had no discernable effect on the choice. This suggests that government agencies should clearly identify themselves as the sponsors of health recommendations. It will help persuade liberals and have negligible effect on conservatives.
     However, results from a study at University of Miami, Utah Valley University, and University of Notre Dame indicates that a government warning makes adherence by conservatives less likely. After consumers were told there were laws that restrict mobile phone use, purchase of junk foods, and smoking e-cigarettes, the political conservatives, compared to the liberals, indicated greater intentions to use their mobile phones, purchase unhealthy foods, and smoke e-cigarettes. This rebellion reflects the many research findings that conservatives tend to view governmental directives as inspired by liberal propaganda.
     The implication of this is that public health campaigns will be more effective if the source of recommendations or mandates includes non-governmental entities. Other research advises to soften mandates by adding appreciation and apologies using messages like, “Thank you for your cooperation. We appreciate it,” and, “Sorry for any inconvenience. Our apologies.”

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Discuss Disgust Conservatively & Liberally 

Embody Right-Left in Body Selling 

Mandate Masks with Appreciation

Limit Layering in Makeup Marketing

The financial success of e.l.f. Beauty and The Body Shop—vendors that offer only vegan cosmetics and skincare products—is evidence of consumer interest in makeup free of animal products, byproducts, and derivatives. Other companies such as Ulta Beauty offer a selection of vegan items along with conventionally formulated items.
     Researchers at Sungkyunkwan University and COSMAX BTI Inc. employed the full portfolio of Ulta to explore what product attributes are associated with the most positive user reactions and how this differs between vegan and conventional products. The dataset comprised 255,023 user reviews collected from the Ulta Beauty website.
     The researchers’ inquiry was guided by past studies showing how consumers are attracted to vegan beauty products via perceptions of them containing fewer harmful chemicals, being manufactured with less environmental harm, and being unlikely to have been tested on animals.
     One finding from the current study relates to sustainability labels. While conventional products can benefit from highlighting sustainability claims such as safety or environmental friendliness, doing so provides little additional benefit for vegan products. Sustainability cues are already common in vegan marketing, so repeating them does little to further differentiate the product. Such repetition carries the sort of risk associated with a consumer putting on too many makeup layers. Instead, brands may benefit from emphasizing other product features and benefits.
     The study also found that vegan skincare products tend to receive slightly higher ratings than conventional ones. An explanation is expectations—many consumers believe vegan products are healthier, safer, or more ethical, and these beliefs can influence how satisfied they feel after using them.
     This pattern was especially clear for moisturizers and creams. These products mainly provide hydration, and consumers can usually feel the results quickly. As a result, positive expectations about vegan products often translate into higher ratings.
     Serums, however, showed the opposite pattern. Conventional serums received higher ratings than vegan ones. Because serums promise long-term benefits such as anti-aging or wrinkle reduction, their effectiveness is harder to judge immediately. When expectations are very high but visible results take time to appear, consumers may feel disappointed.
     For mists and oils, there were no meaningful rating differences, likely because these products are judged mainly by immediate sensory experiences such as texture and absorption.
     Overall, the findings suggest that evaluating consumer satisfaction across a product line can be complex because evidence of effectiveness emerges at different speeds and with different levels of certainty.

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Visualize Beyond Three Claims 

Post Dramatic Tales for Post-Experience Goods 

Beware Open Sell 

Earn Trust by Supporting Sustainability

Compound Interest in Financial Self-Confidence

Among heterosexual couples, the woman is twenty-five times more likely to leave the pair’s financial management to the man than is the man to leave it to the woman.
     This difference might be largely attributed to gender norms regarding abilities and control. Financial self-confidence also matters. Many women avoid situations like car shopping, financial planning, and tax preparation because the women fear salespeople will try to cheat them under the assumption that the women have limited money skills.
     Sharing duties of daily life makes sense. Yet it becomes problematic when the one managing the finances is impaired. Women with dementia were generally agreeable to their husband’s assumption of the household financial decision-making, while men with dementia generally resisted relinquishing their financial authority.
     Researchers at University of Edinburgh and University of Central Florida note the prior research characterizing females as exhibiting lower financial self-confidence than their male counterparts. Based on such findings, the researchers propose that increasing the financial self-confidence of high school girls will serve them well throughout their lives. The researchers’ study provides evidence that a promising technique for increasing this self-confidence is financial education by teachers who themselves have solid financial self-confidence.
     The one-day training program for teachers responsible for providing financial education was designed by Young Money in the United Kingdom. The training was geared to teaching 16–18-year-olds about financial planning and budgeting; financial implications of work; seeking financial advice; choosing financial products; and fraud and identity theft. Students received their training from these teachers over the duration of a school term.
     Enhancing teachers’ financial self-confidence narrowed the financial self-confidence gap between the female and male students. The additional financial self-confidence was associated with economically meaningful actions by the students, such as increased savings of available funds.
     The researchers interpret the findings in the context of social learning: Teacher self-confidence has previously been shown to shape teaching practice and improve student engagement, especially for female students. When a teacher gains self-confidence, not only is the course content likely to be better, but the students also gain self-confidence from imitation of the solid financial self-confidence of their teachers.
     In presenting this interpretation, the researchers say a common concern expressed by financial literacy educators is that they feel unprepared to competently teach the material. I’d say this implies parents—who constitute another major resource for mentoring financial literacy—would benefit from building their self-confidence in the task.

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Stem the Tide of Female Shopper Discomfort 

Sandbag Senior Swindles 

Include the Kids in Financial Literacy Talk 

Invest in Financial Literacy Overconfidence